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    • An introduction to Kratom / Mitragyna speciosa
    • The Kratom and the Kratom plant: Mitragyna speciosa
    • Forms and types of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom
    • Pharmacology and mode of action of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom
    • The effects of Kratom / Mitragyna speciosa
    • Modern uses of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom and potential applications
    • Using Mitragyna speciosa Kratom
    • Guidelines for a safe and pleasant use of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom
    • Health risks and side-effects of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom use
    • Addiction potential of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom
    • The history and legality of Kratom / Mitragyna speciosa
    • Definitions
    • Selected bibliography on Mitragyna speciosa Kratom and Kratom alkaloids
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    Common forms of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:33 AM

    The following common forms and preparations of “true” Mitragyna speciosa Kratom can be distinguished:
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    ”Fake Kratom” 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:33 AM

    The Internet fuelled a globalisation of Kratom’s availability, and has also lead to some mistakes or even abuse by vendors. Fake Kratom is said to have been widely sold in the past, notably under the name "mellow gold", which was one of the first imports of what was thought to be Mitragyna speciosa Kratom leaf, but found to be misidentified. ...
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    Forms and types Mitragyna speciosa Kratom 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:33 AM

    The term Kratom refers to the Mitragyna speciosa tree, but also mainly to this tree’s leaves when used as a psychoactive or medicine, and their derived products such as crude extracts.
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    Mitragyna speciosa Kratom “strains” 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:33 AM

    With the development of Kratom trade, some Kratom “strains” or denominations have become common. These strain names were created or chosen according to a wide range of factors, such as actual geography / production area, physical appearance, or estimations of grade and potency for instance. Some Kratom denominations are more accepted than others are representing actual qualitative differences, whereas some are little more than commercial sales pitches.
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    Pharmacology and mode of action of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:19 AM

    Mitragyna speciosa Kratom is most commonly classified as a “non-opioid narcotic”, yet this classification only partially reflects the effects of Kratom, which also has notable ...
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    What are Mitragyna speciosa Kratom’s main psychoactive constituents? 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:19 AM

    The Mitragyna species are very rich in active compounds, and over 40 alkaloids have already been isolated in the leaves of its various species. Mitragyna speciosavar. Korthals has over 25 reported active alkaloids.
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    Mitragynine 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:19 AM

    Mitragynine is an indole alkaloid with the molecular formula C23H30N2O4. It is the most abundant active alkaloid in the plant Kratom plant Mitragyna speciosa, and was therefore first thought to be responsible for the plant’s activity, before 7-hydroxymitragynine was looked into, and proved to be much more potent.
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    7-hydroxymitragynine 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:19 AM

    Mitragynine was once thought to be Mitragyna speciosaKratom’s main active ingredient, yet more recently it has been found that the main active constituent is in fact more likely to be the potent 7-hydroxy derivative of mitragynine:7-hydroxymitragynine
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    Other Mitragyna speciosa Kratom alkaloids 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:19 AM

    Most of the alkaloids identified in Mitragyna speciosaKratom are Yohimbe-type indoles and oxindoles. The most abundant alkaloids consist of three indoles and two oxindoles, and some indoles such as mitragynine, paynanthine and others are unique to the Mitragyna speciosa plant.
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    List of alkaloids identified in Mitragyna speciosa Kratom, and their known or potential activity 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:19 AM

    Concentration percentages given come from different studies of alkaloid concentrations in Mitragyna speciosa- Kratom leaf. Some of the alkaloids given in this list still need to be studied more specifically in order to determine their potential activity.
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    Mitragyna speciosa Kratom cultivation 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:11 AM

    Recently Mitragyna speciosa Kratom has been successfully cultivated outside of its traditional / indigenous growing area, from seeds then, more frequently, from cuttings. Growing Mitragyna speciosa Kratom from seed is very difficult, and it is much more recommended to start cultivation from plants or cutting, which can be bought from online merchants.
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    Mitragyna speciosa Kratom botany 

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    Published on 12-20-2009 04:11 AM

    The vernacular term Kratom refers to the Mitragyna speciosa var. Korthals tree and the products derived from its leaves, which concentrate the plant’s active principles.

    The botanical classification of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom is as follows:
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    What is Mitragyna speciosa Kratom ? 

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    Published on 11-13-2009 01:00 AM

    Kratom is the vernacular name given to a tree, Mitragyna speciosa indigenous to Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, P.N.G. and elsewhere) as well as to the psychoactive preparations made from the tree’s harvested leaves.

    While the name Kratom is now the most well known, the Mitragyna speciosa tree and leaf derived preparations are also known as Krahtom, Ketum, Kakuam, Ithang, Biak or Thom in different South-East Asian languages and locations.

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    Context and traditional uses of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom 

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    Published on 11-12-2009 11:00 PM

    The Mitragyna speciosa Kratom tree grows naturally throughout Southeast Asia, yet little is known of its traditional consumption outside of Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar/Burma, countries which have mentioned Kratom use in official documents and studies.
    This is mainly due to the fact that Kratom use, though common in large cities, is still most often linked to rural, sometimes remote ethnobotanical traditions, which still have not been studied. Mitragyna speciosa Kratom ...
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    Mitragyna speciosa Kratom: a sedative-narcotic and a stimulant 

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    Published on 11-12-2009 11:00 PM

    The dual nature of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom’s effects places it in a category of its own, and the common pharmacological classification of Kratom as a “non-opioid narcotic” does not accurately reflect this particularity.
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