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The term Kratom refers to the Mitragyna speciosa tree, but also mainly to this tree’s leaves when used as a psychoactive or medicine, and their derived products such as crude extracts. ...
With the development of Kratom trade, some Kratom “strains” or denominations have become common. These strain names were created or chosen according to a wide range of factors, such as actual geography / production area, physical appearance, or estimations of grade and potency for instance. Some Kratom denominations are more accepted than others are representing actual qualitative differences, whereas some are little more than commercial sales pitches. ...
The Internet fuelled a globalisation of Kratom’s availability, and has also lead to some mistakes or even abuse by vendors. Fake Kratom is said to have been widely sold in the past, notably under the name "mellow gold", which was one of the first imports of what was thought to be Mitragyna speciosa Kratom leaf, but found to be misidentified. ...
The following common forms and preparations of “true” Mitragyna speciosa Kratom can be distinguished: ...
Mitragyna speciosa Kratom is most commonly classified as a “non-opioid narcotic”, yet this classification only partially reflects the effects of Kratom, which also has notable stimulant effects.
Through its phyto-chemistry, pharmacology and psycho-physiological activity, Mitragyna speciosaKratom shares some elements of the activity of various other substances, including opiates /opioids and y
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The Mitragyna species are very rich in active compounds, and over 40 alkaloids have already been isolated in the leaves of its various species. Mitragyna speciosavar. Korthals has over 25 reported active alkaloids. ...
Mitragynine is an indole alkaloid with the molecular formula C23H30N2O4. It is the most abundant active alkaloid in the plant Kratom plant Mitragyna speciosa, and was therefore first thought to be responsible for the plant’s activity, before 7-hydroxymitragynine was looked into, and proved to be much more potent. ...
Mitragynine was once thought to be Mitragyna speciosaKratom’s main active ingredient, yet more recently it has been found that the main active constituent is in fact more likely to be the potent 7-hydroxy derivative of mitragynine:7-hydroxymitragynine ...
Most of the alkaloids identified in Mitragyna speciosaKratom are Yohimbe-type indoles and oxindoles. The most abundant alkaloids consist of three indoles and two oxindoles, and some indoles such as mitragynine, paynanthine and others are unique to the Mitragyna speciosa plant. ...
Concentration percentages given come from different studies of alkaloid concentrations in Mitragyna speciosa- Kratom leaf. Some of the alkaloids given in this list still need to be studied more specifically in order to determine their potential activity. ...
The vernacular term Kratom refers to the Mitragyna speciosa var. Korthals tree and the products derived from its leaves, which concentrate the plant’s active principles. The botanical classification of Mitragyna speciosa Kratom is as follows: ...
Recently Mitragyna speciosa Kratom has been successfully cultivated outside of its traditional / indigenous growing area, from seeds then, more frequently, from cuttings. Growing Mitragyna speciosa Kratom from seed is very difficult, and it is much more recommended to start cultivation from plants or cutting, which can be bought from online merchants. ...
“Withdrawals” or “withdrawal symptoms”, also known as withdrawal/abstinence syndrome, refers to a series of characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug is regularly used for a long time and then suddenly discontinued or decreased in dosage.
Withdrawal is connected to forms of physical addiction to a drug, but yet is also sometimes used incorrectly to refer to symptoms that appear a
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The concept of drug tolerance”, refers to the gradual decrease of a subject’s reaction and sensitivity to a psychoactive substance or drug, implying that progressively larger doses are required to achieve the desired effect.
Drug tolerance can involve both psychological drug tolerance as well as Physiological factors. Kratom, which has both stimulant and sedative effects, induces a complex mechan
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Opioid receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors that have opioids as ligands: a substance that is able to... ...
The term “Opioids” is a blanket term used for any drug, including opiates, which are active by bind to the C.N.S. or gastrointestinal tract opioid receptors, thus having an action comparable to that of opiates.
It is a broad class of narcotics who’s activity comes from their receptor binding action, and includes natural opiates coming from the opium poppy ( codeine, morphine…) morphines ( heroin
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The term “opiates” refer to the narcotic alkaloids extracted from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum ) pods and latex, and sometimes to their semi-synthetic counterparts. These alkaloid’s narcotic activity comes from their binding to the brain and gastro-intestinal opioid receptors ( codeine, morphine, heroin…). ...
The term “sedative”, or “sedative-hypnotic” refers to a class of substances that depress the central nervous system (C.N.S.), which induces a state of calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, and slowed breathing.
Sedative-hypnotics may be also be referred to as tranquilizers, depressants, anxiolytics, soporifics, sleeping pills.
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The term “narcotic” is based on the Greek word “narcosis”, the term used by Hippocrates for the process of benumbing, benumbed or sedated state. A “narcotic” substance refer to agents that benumb or deaden, and by metaphorical extension those that causing loss of feelings, or sedation.
“Narcotics” are usually understood as substances that produce a general sense of well-being, sometimes known as
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Mitragyna speciosa Kratom can act as a stimulant, as a psychedelic and as depressant . What is a depressant?... ...
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